Sumerians traded with Oman, and the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, controlled and/or influenced the Omani peninsula. Answers (1). In 1868 Azzam ibn Qais Al-Busaid (r. 18681871) emerged as self-declared imam. A month later, Zanzibars President, Hussein Ali Mwinyi, agreed to launch a museum at a former Omani palace in Stone Town to celebrate Oman and Zanzibars mutual cultural heritage. As disparate as Oman and Zanzibars trajectories may seem, a shared history still informs their ties. A view of the historic Stone Town district of Zanzibar City, in what is now Tanzania. Sultan Qaboos eschewed Omans imperial past, trying to steer his country away from the diplomatic rows and military quagmires that entangled his neighbors. The relationship between Britain and the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany, was formalized by the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. One of the new sultan's first measures was to abolish many of his father's harsh restrictions, which had caused thousands of Omanis to leave the country, and to offer amnesty to opponents of the previous rgime, many of whom returned to Oman. But when the British declared slavery . o e) The town had a long history of loyalty to Oman throughout the Mazrui- busaidi struggles. Thuwaini bin Said al-Said ruled the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, and Majid bin Said served as Sultan of Zanzibar. Rev. State and explain the factors that led to the development of trade along the East African Coast. In a violent 1964 uprising known as the Zanzibar Revolution, the islands non-Arab majority revolted. These empires brought order to the religious and ethnic diversity of the population of this cosmopolitan region. Since his accession in 1970, Sultan Qaboos has balanced tribal, regional, and ethnic interests in composing the national administration. Oman is currently the only country in the Islamic world with a majority Ibadi population. [12], According to the 16th-century explorer Leo Africanus, Zanzibar (Zanguebar) was the term used by Arabs and Persians to refer to the eastern African coast running from Kenya to Mozambique, dominated by five semi-independent Muslim kingdoms: Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala. <> This agricultural and military contact gave people exposure to Persian culture, as reflected in certain irrigation techniques still used in Oman. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. The Yarubid dynasty expanded, acquiring former Portuguese colonies in East Africa - including Zanzibar - and engaging in the slave trade. The British instead wanted Hamoud bin Mohammed to become Sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. State and explain the reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Coast of East Africa. Give any five sources of information on the contacts between east Africa and the outside world up to the nineteenth century, State and explain the effects of the migration and settlement of the people of Kenya up to the nineteenth century, Briefly explain any three factors for migration of ethic communities in Kenya under each of the following of the following categories: Economic Social Political Environmental. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> If her Omani relatives excitement at her ascent to power serves as any indicator, Oman and Zanzibars ancient cultural connection will thrive for many centuries to come. As a result of this struggle, the empirethrough the mediation of the British Government under the Canning Awardwas divided in 1861 into two separate principalities: Zanzibar (with its East African dependencies), and Muscat and Oman. a) The Omani wanted the revenue from the taxes levied on trade. A painting of Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan shown at the House of Wonders. But when the British declared slavery illegal in the mid-19th century, the sultanate's fortunes reversed. (Ethnic difference, and the expulsion of those who had anywhere else to go, were repeated themes in East Africa, the most prominent example being the Expulsion of Indians in Uganda in 1972 by Idi Amin.). [9][10] During his 14-year reign as Sultan, Majid consolidated his power around the local slave trade. The leader of the revolt, Ahmad ibn Said al Said, was elected sultan of Muscat upon the expulsion of the Iranians. His domestic slaves may have numbered more than 1,000. During the period of Sultan Said ibn Sultan Al Said's rule (18061856), Oman cultivated its East African colonies, profiting from the slave trade. Many Arabs relocated to the island, introducing Zanzibar to Ibadism, the obscure strand of Islam to which a majority of Omanis subscribe. As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held territories on the island of Zanzibar off the coast of East Africa, the area along the coast of East Africa known as Zanj including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, and until 1958 in Gwadar (in present-day Pakistan) on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Seyyid said appointed Liwalis to rule important towns. In 1902 the boundaries of the Protectorate were extended to include what was previously the Eastern Province of Uganda. 2 Sayyid Sir Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid 7 October 1870 26 March 1888 Responsible for developing much of the infrastructure in Zanzibar (especially Stone Town), like piped water, telegraph cables, buildings, roads, etc. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Seyyid Said (more fully, Sayyid Said bin Sultan al-Busaid), who in 1840 moved his capital from Muscat in Oman to Stone Town. Which statements describe English and French exploration efforts during the mid-sixteenth century? He depended heavily in his commercial ventures on Indian merchants, whose immigration he encouraged. In the end, Oman and Zanzibar followed divergent geopolitical paths. 87 p. 968. This meant that Stone Town, for a time, served as . In 1832[6] or 1840,[7] Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). In 1970, Qaboos bin Said Al Said ousted his father, Sa'id bin Taymur, who later died in exile in London. [20]:762 The capital was shifted from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1905. This bifurcation represented the anti-climactic demise of the Omani Empire. The Mazrui, established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba, and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. Zanzibar occurred in 1840 when Omani ruler Sayyid Said bin Sultan al-Busaid moved his capital from Muscat, Oman, to Stone Town, Zanzibar. %PDF-1.5 The Council of Ministers, which functions as a cabinet, consists of 26 ministers, all directly appointed by Qaboos. 82. p. 653, Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 4 0 obj It was East Africa's main slave-trading port, and in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the slave markets of Zanzibar each year. Al Said's extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the United Kingdom, the United States, and others. The conquest of the east coast of Africa by the Portuguese was led by several individuals who all conquered different towns and states. The rule of the Portuguese had positive as well as negative effects on the people of east African coast where their rule was established. The Portuguese ruled the east African coast for over 200 years. Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964. On his death, his will freed them but not his plantation slaves. Zanzibar's central position also favoured development of long distance trade. This resulted in a native uprising, the Abushiri revolt, which was suppressed by the Kaiserliche Marine and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland. [16] In August 1896, following the death of Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini, Britain and Zanzibar fought a 38-minute war, the shortest in recorded history. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. When the Portuguese were driven out of the east coast in 1698, the coast came under the rule of Oman Arabs. Rev. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Said-ibn-Sultan, Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville. Outline methods used by Kenyan nationalists to fight for independence. Oman rule was established along the east African coast in 1698 after the Portuguese were driven out but it was not until later in the 19th century that the rule Oman rule was first made very effective under the leadership of Seyyid Said. For much of Omans history, its strategic location served as a blessing and a curse. He also established a modern government structure and launched a major development programme to upgrade educational and health facilities, build a modern infrastructure, and develop the country's natural resources. In resorting to military means to unify Muscat and Oman, Imam Azzam alienated members of the Ghafiri tribes, who revolted in the 18701871 period. Sultan changed the seat of Omans government from Muscat to Stone Town in 1840. [20]:762[25][26] In summary, the "Colony of Kenya" referred to the interior lands. Mombasa was the administrative centre at this time. In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. Oversaw the construction of harbor in Stone Town and tar roads in Pemba. A notorious slave trader, plantation owner and governor, who worked for a succession of sultans of Zanzibar, he led many trading expeditions into east-central Africa, involving the slave trade and ivory trade. <>>> 2008-2023 by KenyaPlex.com. Over a century of Omani presence in Gwadar, for example, only ended in 1958: following four years of negotiations between Omani and Pakistani officials, Pakistan bought the city from Oman for US$3 million, equivalent to about US$28 million today. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate. 4 Sayyid Sir Ali bin Said Al-Busaid 13 February 1890 5 March 1893 The British and German Empires signed the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty in July 1890. Updates? The House of Wonders in Stone Town was once the local residence of the Omani royal family. The first sultan of Zanzibar - Majid bin Said Al-Busaid. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. It was to remain a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. The Yarubid recaptured Muscat from the Portuguese in 1650 after a colonial presence on the northeastern coast of Oman dating to 1508. All were deported and some were killed. Thuwaini became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman while Majid became the first Sultan of Zanzibar, but obliged to pay an annual tribute to the Omani court in Muscat. 602 703 448Poniedziaek- pitek od 16:00 - 19:00Sobota - niedziela 08:00 - 19:00. Give the reasons that the Oman ruler had for choosing Zanzibar. His naval force was commanded by officers who also traded on his behalf. By the end of the 17th century, Zanzibar had become an integral component of the Omani Empire. 3 Sayyid Sir Khalifa I bin Said Al-Busaid 26 March 1888 13 February 1890 Supported abolitionism, like his predecessor. 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